util.insprct

有時使用console.log印出JSON檔時，會顯示很惱人的：

verificationMethod: [ [Object], [Object] ]

這時候可以用

const util = require('util')
console.log(util.inspect(myObject, false, null, true))

來解決

cannot load such file -- nokogiri/nokogiri

可能添加了一些新東西到Gemfile，接著執行bundle install，安裝好後想執行bundle exec jekyll serve卻發生錯誤： require': cannot load such file -- nokogiri/nokogiri (LoadError)

參考許多網路解法後，有效的是這一篇：

1. gem uninstall -aIx指令卸載全部的gems
2. gem install bundler安裝新的bundler
3. bundle install安裝全部的gems

問題解決！

使用Hardhat與Infura部署合約

小試身手

1.Retrieve the Current Block Number

curl https://mainnet.infura.io/v3/YOUR_PROJECT_ID \
-X POST \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_blockNumber","params": [],"id":1}'

回傳了以十六進制表示的block number：{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0xdf9bca"}

2.Check the Ether Balance For a Given Contract

curl https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/YOUR_PROJECT_ID \
-X POST \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_getBalance","params": ["0xBf4eD7b27F1d666546E30D74d50d173d20bca754", "latest"],"id":1}'

回傳{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"result":"0x159fa21f4e8b7e715de0"} ，result中的字串代表合約的balance，單位是wei，一個Ether約等於10¹⁸ wei。

建立交易看看吧

1.建立Ethereum帳號(可使用例如metamask) 2.建資料夾立然後進入

mkdir sendTransaction
cd sendTransaction

3.安裝需要的packages

npm install web3
npm install dotenv --save

💡 `dotenv` package用來讓使用者建立.env檔案、安全地存放本地環境變數。

4.建立.env檔案，內容：

ETHEREUM_NETWORK = "rinkeby"
INFURA_PROJECT_ID = "<Project-ID>"
SIGNER_PRIVATE_KEY = "<Private-Key>"

• <Project-ID> 在infura dashboard→setting 內可以找到
• <Private-Key> 以太坊帳號私鑰，導出metamask私鑰可看這篇
• ETHEREUM_NETWORK 因自己在哪個網路而異，不一定是rinkeby

5.建立send.js檔案，內容：

const Web3 = require("web3");

async function main() {
  // Configuring the connection to an Ethereum node
  const network = process.env.ETHEREUM_NETWORK;
  const web3 = new Web3(
    new Web3.providers.HttpProvider(
      `https://${network}.infura.io/v3/${process.env.INFURA_PROJECT_ID}`
    )
  );
  // Creating a signing account from a private key
  const signer = web3.eth.accounts.privateKeyToAccount(
    process.env.SIGNER_PRIVATE_KEY
  );
  web3.eth.accounts.wallet.add(signer);
  // Creating the transaction object
  const tx = {
    from: signer.address,
    to: "0xAED01C776d98303eE080D25A21f0a42D94a86D9c",
    value: web3.utils.toWei("0.001"),
  };
  // Assigning the right amount of gas
  tx.gas = await web3.eth.estimateGas(tx);

  // Sending the transaction to the network
  const receipt = await web3.eth
    .sendTransaction(tx)
    .once("transactionHash", (txhash) => {
      console.log(`Mining transaction ...`);
      console.log(`https://${network}.etherscan.io/tx/${txhash}`);
    });
  // The transaction is now on chain!
  console.log(`Mined in block ${receipt.blockNumber}`);
}

require("dotenv").config();
main();

6.執行

node send.js

7.可到輸出結果第二行的網址查看細節

結合Hardhat部署合約到測試鏈上吧

💡 使用npx hardhat指令初始化時就選擇 Create an advanced sample project that uses TypeScript 選項的話，下面將js改為ts的操作可跳過

前置作業

1.安裝Hardhat

npm install --save-dev hardhat

2.建立資料夾並進入

mkdir infura_project
cd infura_project

3.建立Hardhat project，選擇第一個 Create a basic sample project

npx hardhat

4.MacOS的環境下，可以使用 tree -L 1 指令印出第一層資料夾樹狀結構，沒有安裝過tree的話，可透過 brew install tree 安裝

撰寫合約與測試

1.將contract資料夾底下的Greeter.sol改名為Demo.sol，替換程式碼內容為：

//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";

contract Demo is Ownable{
    uint256 private _value = 0;
    event ValueChanged(uint256 value);

    function store(uint256 value) public onlyOwner {
        _value = value;
        emit ValueChanged(value);
    }

    function retrieve() public view returns (uint256) {
        return _value;
    }
}

2.合約需要用到openzepplin的Ownable.sol，使用指令安裝@openzeppelin/contracts

npm install @openzeppelin/contracts

3.編譯合約看看

npx hardhat compile

會列印出 Compiled 3 Solidity files successfully，資料夾目錄底下多出artifacts和cache兩個資料夾

4.將test資料夾底下的sample-test.js 改名為Demo.test.ts，內容為：

import { expect } from 'chai'
import { ethers } from 'hardhat'

// Start test block
describe('Demo', function () {
  before(async function () {
    this.Demo = await ethers.getContractFactory('Demo')
  })

  beforeEach(async function () {
    this.demo = await this.Demo.deploy()
    await this.demo.deployed()
  })

  // Test case
  it('retrieve returns a value previously stored', async function () {
    // Store a value
    await this.demo.store(42)

    // Test if the returned value is the same one
    // Note that we need to use strings to compare the 256 bit integers
    expect((await this.demo.retrieve()).toString()).to.equal('42')
  })
})

這時候會報錯，這是因為我們接下來會用typescript進行開發，需要更改package.json內容：

{
  "name": "hardhat-project",
  "devDependencies": {
    "@nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers": "^2.0.5",
    "@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle": "^2.0.3",
    "@types/chai": "^4.3.1",
    "@types/mocha": "^9.1.1",
    "@types/node": "^17.0.27",
    "chai": "^4.3.6",
    "dotenv": "^16.0.0",
    "ethereum-waffle": "^3.4.4",
    "ethers": "^5.6.4",
    "hardhat": "^2.9.3",
    "mocha": "^9.2.2",
    "solc": "^0.8.13",
    "ts-node": "^10.7.0",
    "typescript": "^4.6.3",
    "web3": "^1.7.3"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@openzeppelin/contracts": "^4.5.0",
    "@typechain/hardhat": "^6.0.0"
  }
}

再執行一次 npm install ，回到Demo.test.ts就看不到紅字了！

5.更改hardhat.config.js成.ts，檔頭require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle"); 改為

import { task } from "hardhat/config";
import "@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle";
import "@nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers";

6.添加tsconfig.json檔案

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2017",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "declaration": true,
    "declarationMap": true,
    "sourceMap": true,
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "strict": true,
    "rootDirs": ["./src", "./scripts", "./test"],
    "esModuleInterop": true
  },
  "exclude": ["dist", "node_modules"],
  "include": ["./test", "./src", "./scripts"],
  "files": ["./hardhat.config.ts"]
}

7.使用 npx hardhat test 指令進行測試，順利的話，最後會出現 1 passing

撰寫腳本進行部署

1.將scripts資料夾下的sample-scripts.js更改為deploy.ts，內容為：

import { ethers } from "hardhat";

async function main() {
  const [deployer] = await ethers.getSigners(); //get the account to deploy the contract

  console.log("Deploying contracts with the account:", deployer.address); 

  const Demo = await ethers.getContractFactory("Demo"); // Getting the Contract
  const demo = await Demo.deploy(); //deploying the contract

  await demo.deployed(); // waiting for the contract to be deployed

  console.log("Demo deployed to:", demo.address); // Returning the contract address on the rinkeby
}

main()
  .then(() => process.exit(0))
  .catch((error) => {
    console.error(error);
    process.exit(1);
  }); // Calling the function to deploy the contract

2.在hardhat.config.ts中配置網路，添加在solidity: "0.8.4"後面

export default {
  solidity: "0.8.4",
  defaultNetwork: "rinkeby",
  networks: {
    hardhat: {
    },
    rinkeby: {
      url: "https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/YOUR_PROJECT_ID", //Infura url with projectId
      accounts: ["YOUR_ACCOUNT_PRIVATE_KEY"] // add the account that will deploy the contract (pay gas fee)
    }
  },

3.執行指令 TS_NODE_FILES=true ts-node scripts/deploy.ts ，如果是使用測試鏈，可能需要等待比較久的時間，成功後應該會看到結果：

上面是部署合約、支付gas fee的帳號，下面是合約地址，把合約地址複製起來，去Etherscan看看：

4.在scrips資料夾底下建立叫做storeAndRetrieve.ts的新檔案，測試剛剛部署好的合約的兩個function，store()和retrieve()

import { ethers } from "hardhat";

async function main () {
    const accounts = await ethers.provider.listAccounts();

    const address = 'YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS';
    const Demo = await ethers.getContractFactory('Demo');
    const demo = await Demo.attach(address);

    // Call the retrieve() function of the deployed Box contract
    let value = await demo.retrieve();
    console.log('demo value is', value.toString());
}
  
main()
  .then(() => process.exit(0))
  .catch(error => {
  console.error(error);
  process.exit(1);
  });

5.使用 TS_NODE_FILES=true ts-node scripts/storeAndRetrieve.ts 指令執行，會呼叫合約中的retrieve()，印出_value原始的值0。

監聽合約事件

1.在主目錄底下建立src資料夾，裡面建立一個做eventListener.ts的檔案

import { ethers } from 'hardhat'

async function listenEvent () {
  const address = 'YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS'
  const Demo = await ethers.getContractFactory('Demo')
  const demo = await Demo.attach(address)

  demo.on('ValueChanged', async (event: any) => {
    console.log(event)
  })
}

listenEvent()

2.修改storeAndRetrieve.ts，在let value = await demo.retrieve(); 前面加上三行，代表呼叫合約中的store(uint value)，並變更_value的值成100

// Send a transaction to store() a new value
    let storeValue = await demo.store(100);
    await storeValue.wait();

3.執行指令 TS_NODE_FILES=true ts-node src/eventListener.ts 持續監聽合約內的事件 ValueChanged

4.在新的terminal分頁執行 TS_NODE_FILES=true ts-node scripts/storeAndRetrieve.ts

5.過了一陣子，回到剛剛執行eventListener.ts的地方，因為呼叫store function來存入100，觸發了事件ValueChanged，合約監聽器會印出BigNumber { value: “100” }

6.可以回到Etherscan做確認，應該會看到兩筆交易，兩筆事件

資料來源：

• Getting Started With Infura
• Deploying and interacting with smart contracts
• Hardhat-typescript

使用 @ethersproject 系列套件建立錢包

使用@ethersproject旗下的系列套件時做一個具有註記的錢包 程式碼如下：

const ethWallet = require('@ethersproject/wallet')
const ethTx = require('@ethersproject/transactions')
import { computePublicKey } from '@ethersproject/signing-key'

const wallet = ethWallet.Wallet.createRandom() //隨機建立一個含有私鑰、註記詞的錢包

console.log(wallet.mnemonic.phrase) // 印出註記詞
console.log(wallet.publicKey) //印出公鑰
console.log(wallet.privateKey) //印出私鑰
console.log(wallet.address) //印出錢包地址

console.log(wallet.publicKey.substring(2)) //印出publicKeyHex
console.log(wallet.privateKey.substring(2)) //印出privateKeyHex
console.log(ethTx.computeAddress(wallet.publicKey)) //same to wallet.address

如果將privateKeyHex的值匯入metamask，會發現成功匯入，這個錢包的地址就是wallet.address！

DethCode - 在 etherscan 使用VScode查看合約

以Akutar Mint Pass這個合約為例 將網址中的 “.io” 改為 “.deth.net”，會跳轉到vscode ui的頁面，方便讀code、進行查詢 改成如下的網址： Vscode ui 介面：

有興趣可以去DethCode的github看更多詳細的細節與開源碼。

資料來源